"THE FUTURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING TECHNOLOGY REVEALED"

The expansion of the infrastructure for charging electric vehicles helps the market's acceptance. An overview of
the electric vehicle charging technologies is given in this article



The main source of environmental pollution is the increasing number of fossil fuel-powered vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and so on. These vehicles release harmful air pollutants, like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur dioxide, which worsen air quality and contribute to global warming. Hazardous gases endanger the environment and damage almost every organ system in the human body. Vehicles like battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which are safer, cleaner, and more efficient, are desperately needed in light of these grave issues.

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WIRED AND WIRELESS CHARGING

For battery-electric vehicles, there are two types of charging methods: wired and wireless. Over the past few decades, EVs have drawn more and more attention due to their promising qualities, such as minimal pollution, zero greenhouse gas emissions, and great efficiency. The utilisation of EVs has significantly improved, according to recent studies. Improved energy efficiency and cheaper fuel have led to a rise in EV sales.
Better fuel economy and lower emissions make BEVs an environmentally acceptable transportation option that satisfies basic criteria. For example, since 2014, the market share of BEVs has grown dramatically. The batteries and associated charging technologies have a significant impact on the efficiency and cost of these particular BEVs. Businesses are investing more extensively in their BEV research in order to maintain their growth rates.


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This paper provides an extensive assessment of the most recent developments in BEV charging systems, including both wired and wireless charging. First, the two types of wired charging technologies—direct charging via an off-board charger and indirect charging (AC) via an OBC—as well as their widely used topologies are given. The current state of wireless charging technologies for BEVs is then thoroughly covered. Additionally, this document lists the top businesses using both technologies. Lastly, it looks at these technologies' industrial applications and future research prospects

AC CHARGING

EV batteries that use AC charging technologies are not charged directly; instead, the onboard charger (OBC) that powers the battery charges the battery. Due to the internal placement of the conversion unit—which changes AC into DC—these technologies increase the overall weight of the system. They are usually charged with either the three-phase (3ϕ) onboard fast charging system or the single-phase (1ϕ) onboard slow charging system


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EV batteries that use AC charging technologies are not charged directly; instead, the onboard charger (OBC) that powers the battery charges the battery. Due to the internal placement of the conversion unit—which changes AC into DC—these technologies increase the overall weight of the system. They are usually charged with either the three-phase (3ϕ) onboard fast charging system or the single-phase (1ϕ) onboard slow charging system

DC CHARGING

DC charging solutions offer quick charging capabilities by directly charging the battery, in contrast to AC charging techniques. Two other subgroups of DC charging methods are offboard rapid charging systems and off-board fast charging systems. Such technologies can lead to a reduction in the total size and weight of the driving system in the car because the conversion unit is separate from the vehicle. High-capacity batteries can now be charged in less than an hour with the help of modern DC charging techniques. The operation of the wired and wireless charging system for BEVs is depicted. This figure illustrates how the OBC is primarily integrated into the BEV. It is made up of a power factor correction circuit, a full-bridge rectifier, and a chopper that functions similarly to a dual-active bridge to charge the battery indirectly. The off-board charger, which feeds the battery directly, is situated outside the BEV at a charging station, in contrast to the onboard charger.

The cost of installing a battery management system (BMS) is higher, and it does not offer the flexibility of numerous battery charging locations. Although there have been several notable and positive developments in wired charging systems, one of their primary drawbacks is that they are inflexible, which limits the locations in which they may be charged. The difficult requirements for reliability and safety should also be taken into account while evaluating the BMS.


Off-Board Fast Charging

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For battery-electric vehicles, there are two types of charging methods: wired and wireless. Over the past few decades, EVs have drawn more and more attention due to their promising qualities, such as minimal pollution, zero greenhouse gas emissions, and great efficiency. The utilisation of EVs has significantly improved, according to recent studies. Improved energy efficiency and cheaper fuel have led to a rise in EV sales.
Better fuel economy and lower emissions make BEVs an environmentally acceptable transportation option that satisfies basic criteria. For example, since 2014, the market share of BEVs has grown dramatically. The batteries and associated charging technologies have a significant impact on the efficiency and cost of these particular BEVs. Businesses are investing more extensively in their BEV research in order to maintain their growth rates.



EV batteries that use AC charging technologies are not charged directly; instead, the onboard charger (OBC) that powers the battery charges the battery. Due to the internal placement of the conversion unit—which changes AC into DC—these technologies increase the overall weight of the system. They are usually charged with either the three-phase (3ϕ) onboard fast charging system or the single-phase (1ϕ) onboard slow charging system




Off-Board Rapid Charging

The so-called rapid charging technologies are an extension of fast charging technologies that require higher power and charging current With these charging methods, the battery of BEVs with DC 320 ∼ 500 V can be charged up to 80% in 15 minutes because the charging period is faster. DC 480 V and 250 kW power supply one of the most well-known rapid chargers, which is produced by Tesla. Around 16,013 superchargers at 1,826 charging stations worldwide were successfully run by Tesla as of March 2020 for a variety of BEV models, including the Model S, 3, X, and Y .




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UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY


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1. Inductive Charging



One of the more recent and affordable near-field charging solutions for contemporary transportation is inductive charging, which involves transferring electricity from a transmitter pad to a receiver pad via an electromagnetic field, as illustrated.


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One of the most important factors to take into account in these systems is maximising power transfer while maintaining a high level of efficiency, both in terms of design and operation. Furthermore, controlling the EV power bus voltage is crucial for achieving a long battery lifetime. This can be done by controlling the switching frequency and conversion ratio of the secondary-side converter (such as a full-bridge or dual-active bridge DC-DC converter at the receiver) and the primary-side converter (such as a high-frequency (HF) AC-AC converter at the transmitter pad) at the same time.

2. Magnetic-Resonant (MR) Charging

EV batteries that use AC charging technologies are not charged directly; instead, the onboard charger (OBC) that powers the battery charges the battery. Due to the internal placement of the conversion unit—which changes AC into DC—these technologies increase the overall weight of the system. They are usually charged with either the three-phase (3ϕ) onboard fast charging system or the single-phase (1ϕ) onboard slow charging system

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3. Capacitive Charging



These two plates act like two capacitors in parallel connection, so an electric field can be generated between them, resulting in the induction of electrical current in the receiver pad . This induced current is equivalent to the rate of change of the electric field between the transmitter and receiver pads. Thus, power converters such as resonant-based


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converters can be utilized to increase the rate of the electric field by elevating the frequency provided by the utility grid. Their power transfer capability, distance, and maximum efficiency can reach up to 7 kW, 12 cm, and 80%, respectively

Far-field Charging

Though more research remains to be done, far-field charging technologies—such as laser, microwave, and radio wave charging—are anticipated to dominate wireless charging in the future. In the future, far-field charging techniques are thought to be the best choice for EV charging. However, one of the main issues with wireless charging systems is that they can easily spiral out of control if the link between the transmitter and the receiver is lost.

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